Great Britain tried to maintain a monopoly of its discoveries and skills. British law prohibited the emigration of craft workers and prohibited the export of machinery. Hundreds of skilled workers and manufacturers still left Great Britain, taking knowledge of industrialization with them. Soon other countries were going through industrial revolutions of their own. Many left in search for other places to expand business. John Holker, a Lancashire manufacturer, settled in France in 1750. He helped modernize spinning techniques in the textile industry. Samuel Slater, a Derbyshire textile worker, traveled to the United States in 1789 and later established a spinning mill in Rhode Island. William Cockerill, a Lancashire carpenter, moved to Belgium in 1799 and began to manufacture textile machinery. In 1817, Cockerill's son John established factories near Liege that produced bridge materials, cannon, locomotives, and steam engines. Besides people bringing their technology to other countries, many came to England to learn their ways. Some manufacturers in Great Britain permitted people from other countries to study their factories. Francis Cabot Lowell, an American businessman, visited Lancashire textile mills. Lowell returned to the United States and established a textile factory in Waltham, Mass. This factory combined under one roof all the processes for manufacturing cotton cloth. In 1838, the famous German industrialist Alfred Krupp went to Sheffield, where he learned the most up-to-date processes for making steel. British merchants have made loans to customers in other countries for a while now. As the Industrial Revolution grew, the flow of British capital to other countries increased. British companies financed the export of locomotives, iron for rails, and experts to build and operate railroads in many countries throughout the world. Almost every part of Britain was promoting industrialization all over the world. |
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